The Sociological Perspective Or Imagination, Cite Its...

1- Define the sociological perspective or imagination, cite its components, and explain how they were defined by C. Wright Mills. The sociological Taboo (or imagination) is defined as a way of thinking that help us use external information and experience to form theories about the social pattern around us. We collect data and from that information, we make judgments and predictions. These require going beyond one’s point of view. People s life and experiences are different. Therefore, it is important to take into consideration their reasoning and thoughts to be able to understand why they act the way they do. Hearing others stories and theories help us distant our self and creating a broader perspective. The saying â€Å"never criticizes someone until you have walked a mile in their shoes is the best way to interpret sociological imagination. Its components include jobs, income, education, gender, race-ethnicity, and age. C. Wright Mills defined sociological perspective as the ability to â€Å"think yourself away from the familiar routines of everyday life† and â€Å"the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society.† He explained the difference between personal and social issues. For example, if a man is looking for employment and is not hired this will become a personal failure, but at the moment, this same man stands at the unemployment line and realize he is part of a significant percentage of unemployed people, these will become a public issue. AShow MoreRelatedEssay about Sociology Midterm955 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1. Define the sociological perspective or imagination, cite its components, and explain how they were defended by C. Wright Mills. The sociological imagination is defined as being a way of thinking that helps us use information or data to form theories about the social patterns around us. We collect information and from that information we may make judgments or prediction. However we cannot view society in one’s own point of view. Everyone is different so it is important to not only form our ownRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pages1950–2005, In Focus, Sociology Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, Nov. 2007; Times Educational Supplement for an extract from C Dean, ‘Social class linked to results’, Times Educational Supplement, 18.04.97. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the ï ¬ rst opportunity. C ontents Introduction to AS Sociology xxxi–l Module 1 Families and Households 1–102 Unit 1.1 Introduction Read MoreUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 Pageskinds of media and the types of content that satisfy their social and psychological needs (Cantril, 1942). Much early effects research adopted the experimental or quasi-experimental approach, in which communication conditions were manipulated in search of general lessons about how better to communicate, or about the unintended consequences of messages (Klapper, 1960). Requests for reprints should be sent to Tom Ruggiero, Print Journalism, 102–B Cotton Memorial Communication Department, University ofRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagespeople play in them, by building bridges between theory and practice. The session(s) will take the form of an interactive ‘lecture’; that is participants will be encouraged to enter into debate and comment as the session(s) proceed. An important component throughout is that you will be encouraged wherever possible to consider the material covered during the sessions in the light of your own experiences to ground the theory in practice. There will be considerable, although not exclusive, emphasis onRead MoreStrategy Sa fari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesGentlemen, You Have Yet to Meet the Whole Beast References 375 Index 397 349 EMBARKATION T his trip began with a paper by Henry called Strategy Formation: Schools of Thought, published by Jim Fredrickson in a collection entitled Perspectives on Strategic Management (HarperCollins, 1990). Bruce used the paper in a course at Trent University and found that it worked well. Why don t you do a book on it? he suggested. Why don t we do it together? Henry replied. They both thoughtRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCreating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/CounterpointRead MoreMethod of Teaching and Learning18614 Words   |  75 Pageswith the introduction of the Deanery’s new web-based learning package for clinical teachers. Each of the papers provides a summary and background reading on a core topic in clinical education. Aims The aims of this paper are to: †¢ Provide ideas of how to make the most of clinical situations when teaching students or trainees †¢ Raise awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of a range of teaching and learning methods in clinical teaching †¢ Enable you to identify aspects of your everyday workRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesgrueling years—of reading, writin g papers, conducting research, and working as a teaching assistant Writing Your Statement of Purpose I. Audience and Institutions Several readers within a specific academic discipline or an even more specifically defined research group will read your statement of purpose and review other parts of your application package. Tailor your material to this audience. Knowing your audience and familiarizing yourself with each graduate program will help you write a more effectiveRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManagement—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233

The Financial Crisis Of The Troubled Asset Relief Program

The 2008 financial crisis brought panic and fear to the nation as the stock market plunged, reducing the wealth of millions of Americans. The housing market crash put nearly all the major financial institutions in grave danger of insolvency. The government reacted quickly to not only stop the bleeding and devastation but also to restore confidence in the financial system and reassure the public the economy wasn’t in a free fall. This was not a time to sit back and let the market self-adjust. Under the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), the U.S. Treasury played a key role in stabilizing the financial system, the auto industry, and the housing markets during the 2008 financial crisis. Essentially, the U.S. Treasury guaranteed money market funds, provided capital to over 700 banks, and provided a bailout to AIG to avoid a widespread collapse in the financial industry. Investors and consumers had lost faith in the financial system and were pulling their funds out in record numbers; panic was spreading as Americans were speculating this could be the next big depression. It was essential for the U.S. Treasury to act to restore public confidence immediately. The FDIC deposit insurance was increased to $250,000 as another attempt to lure investors and depositors back to the banks (Reyes, 2013). The U.S. Treasury not only had to provide enough capital reserves to banks to enable them to put money back into the hands of consumers but also encourage consumers to spend and inves t.Show MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis : Rescue Efforts855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Financial Crisis: Rescue Efforts Throughout the early 2000’s, relaxed lending regulations and lowered interest rates sparked the growth of the securitization of subprime mortgages. In order to increase profit and revenue, a number of financial institutions became heavily involved in the process of securitizing the loans. When house prices began to fall in 2006, homeowner delinquencies and foreclosures increased causing many institutions to become overleveraged. As a result, the destabilizationRead MoreThe Success Of The Great Recession1375 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom 2008 to 2010 is often regarded as the greatest economic crisis since the Great Depression which took place during the 1930s. The causes of both crises can be said to be similar as both lie in the actions of the federal government. While the crash of the stock market in 1929 is said to be one of the major causes and sometimes even the main cause of the Great Depression, there are also other circumstances that led to this economic crisis. Bank fai lures during the 1930s also added to decline in theRead MoreFinancial Crisis Of 2008 : Case Study1626 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2016 Financial Crisis of 2008 It all began with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September of 2008. What followed this collapse was a domino effect which saw a near crash of the world’s financial industry, shortly leading to the greatest recession since the Great Depression. This great economic disruption would subsequently require hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars and government debt to straighten out. 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During this time the Federal Reserve played a huge role in assuring that it would not turn into the second Great Depression. In this paper, we will be discussing what the Federal Reserve did during this time, including a discussion of our nation’s three main economic goals which areRead MoreThe Subprime Mortgage Crisis Of 2008 Impacted The Us1581 Words   |  7 PagesMortgage Crisis of 2008 impacted the US According to data from the United States Census Bureau: 501 thousand new single-family houses were sold in 2015 compare to 1,051 thousand in 2006. Real estate always impacted the economy by creating jobs and housing opportunities for families. But around 2006 because of a shortage of homebuyer, the nation saw an increase in the number of mortgage credits and subprime loans granted which lead to the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis, a nation wide banking crisis, puttingRead MoreGreat Recession And The Great Depression906 Words   |  4 Pagesrespects. Each period is marked by a massive run ups in asset prices followed by a crash in the stock market and sent both debt and equity markets down. These periods are said to be the worse economic downturn in the country’s history. During the great depression, as banks failed and threatened to shut down the financial system altogether, President Franklin Roosevelt moved quickly and effectively to address the most dangerous financial crisi s of the Great depression. The massive stock market collapse

Bowen Family Systems Free Essays

Bowen Family System Theory Introduction In doing my studies on family/systemic counselling, I found Bowen’s theory intriguing. In my work and everyday life, I witness triangulation on a daily basis, from my own experience, without the awareness from this module, I was often entwined in triangulation. As a trainee therapist I decided to write my paper on Bowenian Therapy in order to gain a better understanding and develop my awareness. We will write a custom essay sample on Bowen Family Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Murray Bowen, M. D. (31 January 1913 – 9 October 1990) was an American psychiatrist and a professor in Psychiatry at the Georgetown University. Bowen was among the pioneers of family therapy and founders of systemic therapy. â€Å"The family systems theory is a theory introduced by Dr. Murray Bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Families are systems of interconnected and interdependent individuals, none of whom can be understood in isolation from the system† (Genopro. com 18/11/2010) Bowen’s interest in family began as he was practicing as a psychiatrist in the 1940s. He focused on schizophrenic patient’s emotional relationships with their mothers. Others have called it a symbiosis relationship, but for him it was only an exaggerated natural process of emotional relationship. In 1954 he started to hospitalize the entire family of the sick (schizophrenic) person. He found out that the entire family suffered with the sick person emotionally. He also studied the relationship between mother-child symbioses. This involved a certain repetitive pattern, where he observed alternating patterns of closeness and distance. They portrayed sensitive emotional tensions caused by separation anxiety and incorporation anxiety. In 1959 he started working with families with less severe problems. Surprisingly these families displayed the same problems as the disturbed families. He concluded that there is no discontinuity between the normal and disturbed families but vary along a continuum line of emotional fusion to differentiation. Bowen was one of the first to realize that the history of our family creates a template which shapes the values, thoughts, and experiences of each generation, as well as how that generation passes down these things to the next generation. Bowen’s theory focuses on the balance of two forces – togetherness and – individuality. Too much togetherness can prevent individuality, or developing one’s own sense of self whereas too much individuality results in a distant and estranged family. The theory looks at the family as a system and describes the complex interactions that exist in any one unit. The way members of a family are connected and the way they react to one another makes the functioning of family members interdependent. According to the theory, mental illness happens as a result of emotional fusion. This can happen when there is an increase in the level of emotions and anxiety in the family. Bowen introduced eight interlocking concepts to explain family development and functioning. Below I will provide an overview of each concept. Differentiation of Self The first concept is Differentiation of Self, or the ability to separate feelings and thoughts. Undifferentiated people can not separate feelings and thoughts; They have difficulty thinking logically because when asked to think they are flooded with feelings, so this makes It difficult for them to base their responses on their own logical thinking. They also have difficulty differentiating between their feelings and the feelings of others. They look to their family to define how they think about issues, feel about people, and interpret their experiences. Differentiation is the process of freeing yourself from your family’s processes to define yourself so you can have different opinions and values than your family members, but are still capable of staying emotionally connected to them. It means being able to calmly reflect on a conflicted interaction afterward, realising your wn role in it, and then choosing a different response for the future. Triangles Triangles are the basic units of systems. They balance between closeness and distance. The third person or party brings unity and creates continuity in warring situation. The triangle brings stressed person into a manageable level of operation. This involves true listening and gives a true advice for a better solution. In it virtually all relationships are shadowed by thi rd parties. For example when a couple have an argument, afterwards, one of the partners may call their friend to talk about the fight. The third person helps them reduce their anxiety and take action, or calm their strong emotions and reflect, and make decision. People who are more undifferentiated are likely to triangulate others and be triangulated whereas people who are differentiated cope well with life and relationship stress, and as a result are less likely to triangulate others or be triangulated. The Nuclear Family Emotional Process These are the emotional patterns in a family that continue over generations. This involves a modeling scenario where a family member models and imitates the behaviour and even the language of his or her parents. For example, a parent who teaches his or her children to be happy when things are ok and sad when things are bad shapes the future thinking of those children. Here the parent passes on an emotional view of the world (the emotional process), which is taught throughout generation from parent to a child, in a nuclear family. Reactions to this process can range from open conflict, to physical or emotional problems in one family member, to reactive distancing. This will bring problems with family members like substance abuse, mental illness and irresponsibility. The Multigenerational Transmission Process This process entails the way family emotional processes are transferred and maintained over generations. This captures how the whole family joins in The Family Projection Process, for example, by reinforcing the beliefs of the family. As the family continues this pattern over generations, they also refer back to previous generations (â€Å"He’s just like his Uncle – he was always irresponsible too† or â€Å"She’s just like your cousin Mary – she was divorced four times. â€Å"). Sibling Position Bowen believed In sibling order and that each child had a place in the family hierarchy. He believed that the oldest sibling was more likely to be seen as overly responsible and mature whilst the youngest as overly irresponsible and immature. Emotional Cut-off Emotional cut-off refers to the techniques people use to reduce anxiety from their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other members from the family of origin. Some people seek distance either by moving away physically or emotionally using silence, diversion or avoidance of difficult and hurtful topics. To avoid sensitive issues, they may move away from their families and refuse to go home regularly. This strategy may work in the short term to reduce immediate anxiety but over time, the deeper, unresolved problems are toxic towards other relationships. An open relationship is the opposite of emotional cut-off. It is the best way to reduce a family’s over-all anxiety. Continued low anxiety permits family members who would like to, to begin the slow steps to better differentiation. Bowen wrote, â€Å"It might be difficult for a family with severe cut-offs to begin more emotional contact with the extended family, but any effort toward reducing the cut-off with the extended family will soften the intensity of the family problem, reduce the symptoms, and make any kind of therapy far more productive. Societal Emotional Processes The concept of societal emotional process describes how the emotional system governs behaviour on a societal level, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in a society. Cultural forces are important in how a society functions but are insufficient for explaining the rise and fall in how well societies adapt to the challenges that face them. The society’s attitudes towards for example diff erent races, classes, genders and sexual orientation, have definite effects on the family. In many ways, this is like the Family Projection Process scaled up to the level of a society as a whole. The way a family deals with prejudice, discrimination and persecution is instinctively passed on to their children so that they can survive in their unique environment. The coping practices of the parents and extended family may lead to more or less adaptive emotional health for the family and its members. Normal Family Development According to Bowen, all families lie along a continuum. Bowen believed that all families lie on a spectrum or continuum and that it is difficult to try to classify families into types. If circumstances change, one type of family could change and become another type of family. For this reason, Bowen is credited with being one of the first culturally sensitive family therapists. A normal, adjusted family will have tensions and anxieties but will be balanced in terms of their togetherness and differentiation. A normal family will have good emotional balance and recognise that some problems are external and others come from the individual. There are connections between the different generations in the family and also to the extended family. The transitions for example from adolescence to adulthood are smooth and supported by the wider family. Past pains and joys are shared. Bowen says no matter how we transform and forget the past, these memories of our relationship, still stay alive in us. The danger is the way our former family attachment will shape our new family. At various times difficulties in different relationships, sometimes called dyads, are resolved without drawing in others into their difficulties. The ability to tolerate and support family members with different views supports differentiation and is a sign of a healthy family. Awareness of external societal influences as well as the unique family influences helps a family to become well adjusted. During times of grief and loneliness for example, family members give space and allow the person opportunity to grow. A positive emotional atmosphere with a belief in the virtues of family builds normal family development. Finally, when family members depend on each ther for feedback and support rather than in co-dependent ways, the family develops healthily. Family Disorders Bowen believed that family problems result from emotional fusion, or from an increase in the level of anxiety in the family. He believed that the member with â€Å"the symptom† is the least differentiated member of the family, and is the one who has the least ability to resist the pull to become fused with another member. This person absorbs the anxiety an d worries of the whole family and has the least ability to separate their own thoughts and feelings from those of their family. Families face two kinds of problems. Vertical problems are â€Å"passed down† from one generation to the next. Thus, adults who had cold and distant relationships with their parents do not know how to have warm and close relationships with their children, and so pass down their own problems to their children. Horizontal problems are caused by environmental stressors or transition points in the family development. This may result from traumas such as a chronic illness, the loss of the family home, or the death of a family member. However, horizontal stress may also result from Social Emotional Processes, such as when a minority family moves from a like-minority neighbourhood to a very different neighbourhood, or when a family with traditional gender roles immigrates to a culture with very different views, and must raise their children there. The worst case for the family is when vertical and horizontal problems happen at once. Goals of Therapy Bowen’s therapy was not aimed at changing people or solving problems, it was basically geared towards: †¢ Helping families to inquire and explore their own roles in family problems Making them assume responsibility for their own problems†¢ People learning more about themselves and their relationships †¢ Decreasing emotional reactivity†¢ Improving self-focus †¢ Modifying dysfunctional patterns †¢ Evaluating progress of the family in terms of how they function now, as well as how adaptive they can be to future changes In general, the t herapist accomplishes this by giving less attention to specific problem they present with, and more attention to family patterns of emotions and relationships, as well as family structures of dyads and triangles. Techniques that are most prominent in the practice of Bowenian family systems therapy. Genogram: Bowen used what he termed a â€Å"family diagram† to collect and organise important data concerning the multigenerational family systems. In 1972 Guerin renamed the family diagram the â€Å"genogram. † The main function of the genogram is to organise data during the evaluation phase and to track relationship processes and key triangles over the course of therapy. In the process of assessment, the following are noted: the history of the presenting problems, exact dates are noted, history of the nuclear family, when the parents met, their courtship, their marriage, child rearing, where the family lived especially in relation to the location of the extended family, history of both spouses birth, sibling positions, facts about childhood, past and current functioning with parents The Therapy Triangle: This technique is based on the theoretical assumption that conflictual relationship processes within the family have activated key-symptom-related triangles in an attempt to re-establish stability; and the family will automatically attempt to include the therapist in the triangling process. If they succeed, therapy will be stalemated. On the other hand, if the therapist can remain free of reactive emotional entanglements, in other words, stay detriangled ,the family system and its members will calm down to the point where they can begin to work out s olutions to their dilemmas. Relationship Experiments: Relationship experiments are carried out around structural altercations in key triangles. The goal is to help the family members become aware of systems processes and learn to recognise their role in them. Thomas F. Fogarty developed experiments for use with emotional pursuers and distancers (lartin-drake. com 28/12/2010). Pursuers are encouraged to restrain their pursuit, stop making demands, and decrease pressure for emotional connection and see what happens in themselves and in the relationship. The exercise isn’t designed to be a magic cure, as some people have hoped, but to help clarify the emotional processes involved. Distancers are encouraged to move toward the other person and communicate personal thoughts and feelings, in other words, to find an alternative to either avoiding or capitulating to the others’ demands. Coaching: Coaching is the Bowenian alternative to the more emotionally involved role common to most other forms of therapy. By acting as a coach, the Bowenian therapist hopes to avoid taking over for patients or becoming embroiled in family triangles. The goal is increased understanding, increased self-focus, and more functional attachment to key family members. The I-Position: Taking a personal stand, saying what you feel, instead of what others are â€Å"doing†, is one of the most direct ways to break cycles of emotional reactivity. Bowenian therapists not only encourage clients to take I-Position, they also do so themselves. Another assumption in Bowenian therapy is that confrontation increases anxiety and decreases the ability to think clearly and see options. Therefore, displacing the focus, making it less personal and less threatening, is an excellent way to increase objectivity. This forms the basis for two related techniques, multiple family therapy and displacement stories. Conclusion In conclusion I believe that Bowen developed a comprehensive theory of family therapy which inspired generations. His theory describes how the family shapes the interplay of individuality and togetherness using six interlocking concepts which are: differentiation of self, triangles, nuclear family emotional process, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process and sibling position. In 1970 Bowen added two additional concepts: emotional cut-off and societal emotional process. Bowenian therapy is a process of active inquiry in which the therapist helps family members get past blaming and fault finding in order to face their own roles in family problems. The goals of Bowenian therapy are not to change people or to solve their problems. Instead they see therapy as an opportunity for people to learn more about themselves and their relationships so that they can assume responsibility for their own problems. Contents Introduction Differentiation of Self The Nuclear Family Emotional Process Triangles The Multigenerational Transmission Process Sibling Position Emotional Cut-off Societal Emotional Processes Normal Family Development Family Disorders Goals of Therapy Conclusion Bibliography Bibliography http://www. abacon. com/famtherapy/bowen. html (14/12/2010) http://www. anzjft. om/pages/articles/78. pdf (14/12/2010) http://www. bukisa. com/articles/293438_what-is-the-concept-of-bowen-family-therapyixzz14iOkMQpM (16/12/2010) http://www. genopro. com/genogram/fam ily-systems-theory/ (22/10/2010) http://www. houd. info/bowenTheory. pdf (22/10/2010) http://www. lartin-drake. com/distancer. pdf (22/10/2010) Bibliography http://www. abacon. com/famtherapy/bowen. html http://www. psychpage. com/learning/library/counseling/bowen. html http://www. bukisa. com/articles/293438_what-is-the-concept-of-bowen-family-therapy http://www. thebowencenter. org/ http://homepages. wmich. edu/~macdonal/SW 6680. 05/Friedman. Bow†¦ Contents Introduction How to cite Bowen Family Systems, Essay examples

Lay Judges and Labor Courts

Question: A. Critically discuss the role of magistrates as lay people in the legal system and whether this role is best served by lay majistrates or professional judges hearing cases in magistrates' courts. B. In the Review of the criminal courts of England and Wales (2001) Lord Justice Auld described the jury as a "hallowed institution which, because of its ancient origin and involvement of 12 randomly selected lay people in the criminal process, commands much public confidence". In light of this statement, critically assess whether or not public confidence in the current jury system is currently misplaced. C. Critically discuss, by reference to case law, how English courts decide when it is necessary to refer a point of European Law to the Court of Justice of the European Union for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Answer: The Role of Magistrates as Lay People in the Legal System: Lay Magistrates are sometimes referred to as Justices of the Peace. Lay Magistrates are ordinary people having no legal qualifications and have the authority of making decisions in the Court of the Magistrate (Roberts et al. 2012). This concept was originated in the 12th century when the first office for the Justices of the Peace was appointed (Flory 2015). It has been recently noted that more than 29, 000 people are sitting as part time magistrates in the United Kingdom (Malsch 2016). Lay Magistrates have different role to play in the Court of Magistrates such as dealing with civil and criminal matter, participating in criminal hearings and hearing for appeals (Machura 2016). This section of the answer deals with the role of lay magistrates in a Magistrates Court. Criminal Cases: More than 90 percent of the cases that are heard in the court of a Magistrate are criminal. Almost all the criminal cases originate in a Magistrates Court and finish there. Only the most serious criminal offences are handed to the Crown Court for punishing the perpetrator for sentence until death or for full trial with the jury and the Judge (Ivkovic 2015). Magistrates deal with offences that are less serious in nature such as motor offences, petty theft and minute criminal damage (Reichel and Suzuki 2015). Where a defendant pleads not guilty, a trial is held where the Magistrates examine the evidence and then decide the matter on the facts and presented by the defence and the prosecution (Donoghue 2014). If lay Magistrates find any person guilty, or where a person pleads against the allegation, the lay Magistrates use a very structured decision making process and decide the case accordingly (Burgess, Corby and Latreille 2013). Civil Cases: Around three percentages of the cases that are heard in the Magistrates Court are civil. The types of civil cases that are held in the court of Magistrates are enforcing of debts and non-payment of licenses (Roberts et al. 2012). In the year 2012, more than one in every 10 criminal prosecutions was for enforcement of debt of BBC license fee. The number of prosecutions for evasion increased from 164,412 in the year 2010 to 181,000 in the year 2012 (Roberts et al. 2012). Youth Court: For hearing and deciding issues in the Youth Court special trained lay magistrates, above the age of 60 years are appointed. In criminal cases in which a juvenile is involved, the case is dealt with a higher court (Flory 2015). Offences involving juveniles requiring addressing the need of young offenders, young defendants should be accompanied by an adult who is responsible in nature. In such cases, presence of a lay Magistrate is necessary. Lay Magistrates have the responsibility to screen and assess the evidence and decide the case based on the facts and evidence that is presented before him (Malsch 2016). Appeals from the Refusal of a local authority to grant licenses: An appeal is to make a serious request that is typically to a magistrate in a magistrates Court. The local authority rejects grant of certain licenses and an appeal is made in the Court of Magistrate to reconsider the application of a license (Machura 2016). Lay Magistrates have the authority of understanding the reason of rejection of licenses and if in the opinion of the Magistrates the rejection of an application is justified then the appeal shall not be granted. However, if the Magistrate thinks that the application is justified and not opposed to any public policy then the appeal may be granted (Ivkovic 2015). Lay Magistrates v. Professional Judges: Lay Magistrates are normal people without any legal qualification, hired by the state to make decisions in the court of Magistrate. Whereas, professional judges are people who are experts in the field of law having a qualified legal degree and they are hired specifically for dealing with matters relating to legal issue in question (Reichel and Suzuki 2015). This section of the answer deals with the role of lay magistrates as against the role of professional judges, and whether the role of lay magistrates is justified or not. One of the advantages of using a lay magistrate over the professional judge is that they consider moral values and ethical issues into question rather than just taking into consideration the legal issues. Lay Magistrates have less likelihood of being influenced by state unlike the professional judges (Donoghue 2014). Since they have no legal qualification, they make choices and opinions having a moral background rather than law. To qualify as a lay magistrate, a person should either live or work in the local court in which they take decisions. This means that they have fair knowledge about the community for which and in which they make decisions. Additionally, the advantage of using lay magistrates is that they are cheaper and often cost less than professional judges cost (Burgess, Corby and Latreille 2013). Professional Judges are people who have legal qualifications hence; they are costly and expensive in nature. However, it is not advisable to refer a case to a lay magistrate espe cially when there is legal issue in question. Since lay magistrates are people who do not have legal qualification, they may not be able to decide a case efficiently where the issue in a given case relates only with legality in the law. In such cases, professional judges should be opted for (Flory 2015). Professional judges are people, who before coming Judges have been either a solicitor or a barrister for at least 5 years. Hence, it may be said that professional judges are more efficient and capable as they have better knowledge of the law and are able to base their decision on the true law rather than factual law. Lay Magistrates generally remain ignorant about the law and fail to see decide issues that are pertaining to legal issue (Malsch 2016). Conclusion: Conclusively, it may be stated that there are both advantages as well as disadvantages of using lay magistrates over professional judges. Opinions differ from person to person and the methods that is used to decide a case also differs. Ideally, in many cases people prefer using lay magistrates to professional judges as they speak in favour of the local people and community whereas professional judges make decisions that are based on law. B: The jury system was called the jewel of in the Crown or the corner stone of the British criminal justice system (Flory 2015). According to Auld, the jury is regarded as a hallowed institution that because of its ancient origin and involvement of 12 randomly selected lay people in the criminal process, commands much public confidence (Kim et al. 2013). The English and the Welsh Jury system is one of the most long established legal methods in the English legal system. However, recently, the jury system has come under much criticism and improvement (Saltzburg 2014). It has been argued in many reports that whether or not the system shall still exist as part of the legal system. This essay deals with how confidence is achieved through jurys involvement in the community to attain justice and the partnership that comes into existence between the Judge and the Jury (Rodriguez 2014). The history of the belief that a person has the right to a trial came into existence before the issuance of the Magna Carta in 1215 (Sklansky 2013). The Magna Carta was the document that stated the basic constitutional rights. In England a reference of the Jury type can be seen at Wantage by Aethelred in which 12 laymen were to decide a case and hold person either guilty or not guilty (Lempert 2015). However, the system gradually changed in the form of a formal jury trial. The establishment of the Human Rights Act, 1998, gave people a belief that they have the right to claim a jury trial. However, the Act did not give claim to such a right (Hoppe, Perrone and Nelson 2013). Despite the lack of a real constitution, it made the people belief that they can claim the jury trial as a right and that created confidence in the public for the jury system. Thus, at the time when the jury system came into existence, people had confidence in the system and they relied on the methods adopted by th e Jury system (Jimeno-Bulnes and Hans 2016). The legal system in England and Wales was a combination of judge and jury. The Judge would deal with law and the jury would make decision based on facts and evidences in the case. The Judge and the Jury followed a decision making process that was fair and reasonable (Hoppe, Perrone and Nelson 2013). The common people believed that not only the legal issue in question was decided appropriately but also the moral and ethical issues were addressed. This increased public confidence of the people in the system of Jury, thus making the Jury very popular (Jimeno-Bulnes and Hans 2016). Additionally, the jury system also became famous as the people thought that it was important to consider a dispute not only from the legal perspective but also from a perspective of a layman thoughts. This, according to the people, was the best system of deciding any dispute in question (Flory 2015). There is evidence to suggest that jury service was considered as part of the national individuality and that th e participation was considered as privileged. Lord Justice Auld was the firm believer of the jury system. The Home Office published a report and it suggested that more than 95 percent of jurors interviewed regarded the jury as a very essential part of the justice system. There was an optimistic influence on the connection between the jury and the judge (Kim et al. 2013). However, with the passage of time, the public confidence seemed to be misplaced the reason behind this is that the jury system lacked proper knowledge and qualification in the field of law and this often led to faulty judgement coming into existence (Saltzburg 2014). There were many reported cases in England in which the jury system failed to consider the issue of law in question and were influenced by politics and media (Rodriguez 2014). This resulted in jury bias. In the case of R. v. Abdroikov, Lord Woolf held that there are many biases that jurors have. The biases may be in relation to class, habits, occupation and characteristics. Article six of the European Convention of Human Rights needs the trial to be impartial and without any discrimination however, it becomes difficult to avoid bias in a group of 12 people especially if media bias the opinion (Sklansky 2013). Juries are often blamed for injustices or miscarriage of justice. It is a known fact that juries are responsible f or miscarriages of justice especially at a time when they give bad decision. In the R v. Clark and R v. Cannings, the Judge held that Juries are as good as the material presented before them (Lempert 2015). Despite the fact that only one percent of criminal case is concluded in the Crown Court of Trial, the jury system is mostly seen as a cornerstone of the criminal legal system. For many people it is a symbolic representation of the time honoured right to be tried by aristocrats, while at the same time encouraging citizenship and social accountability. However, reform in the trial judge should be made and guidelines can help in the reduction of any confusion in the jury process. It is therefore advisable that the system is revised and the existing ethnic or racial prejudice is eliminated (Hoppe, Perrone and Nelson 2013). The research of the MOJ have evidenced that juries are efficient and that they reach a more efficient verdict more than 98 percent of the total cases that are decided (Lempert 2015). Additionally, it must also be remembered that the verdict is an outcome of combination of jury and the judge. Therefore, it is wrong to conclude that the public confidence in the jury syst em is misplaced. References: Burgess, P.W., Corby, S. and Latreille, P.L., 2013. Lay judges and labor courts: a question of legitimacy. Donoghue, J.C., 2014. Reforming the role of magistrates: Implications for summary justice in England and Wales.The Modern Law Review,77(6), pp.928-963. Flory, T., 2015.Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 18081871: Social Control and Political Stability in the New State(Vol. 53). University of Texas Press. Flory, T., 2015.Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 18081871: Social Control and Political Stability in the New State(Vol. 53). University of Texas Press. Hoppe, J., Perrone, J. and Nelson, L.S., 2013. Being judge and jury: a new skill for emergency physicians.Annals of emergency medicine,62(4), pp.290-292. Ivkovic, S.K., 2015. Ears of the deaf: the theory and reality of lay judges in mixed tribunals.Chi.-Kent L. Rev.,90, p.1031. Jimeno-Bulnes, M. and Hans, V.P., 2016. Legal interpreter for the jury: the role of the Clerk of the Court in Spain.Oati Socio-Legal Series,6(2). Kim, S., Park, J., Park, K. and Eom, J.S., 2013. Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Jury Agreement in Criminal Cases: The First Three Years of the Korean Jury System.Journal of Empirical Legal Studies,10(1), pp.35-53. Lempert, R., 2015. The American jury system: A synthetic overview.Chicago-Kent Law Review, Forthcoming. Machura, S., 2016. Civil Justice: Lay Judges in the EU Countries.Oati Socio-Legal Series,6(2). Malsch, M., 2016.Democracy in the courts: lay participation in European criminal justice systems. Routledge. Reichel, P.L. and Suzuki, Y.E., 2015. Japans Lay Judge System A Summary of Its Development, Evaluation, and Current Status.International Criminal Justice Review,25(3), pp.247-262. Roberts, J., Hough, M., Jackson, J. and Gerber, M.M., 2012. Public Opinion Towards the Lay Magistracy and the Sentencing Council Guidelines The Effects of Information on Attitudes.British Journal of Criminology,52(6), pp.1072-1091. Rodriguez, U.D.J.X., 2014. The Decline of Civil Jury Trials: A Positive Development, Myth, or the End of Justice as We Now Know It?.St. Mary's LJ,45, pp.333-749. Saltzburg, S.A., 2014. Inconsistent Jury Verdicts.GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper, (2014-62), p.29. Sklansky, D.A., 2013. Evidentiary Instructions and the Jury as Other.Stanford Law Review,65.

Internet Essays (3751 words) - , Term Papers

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Clinical Placement Reflection Essay Example

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Corona in the Global Beer Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corona in the Global Beer Industry - Case Study Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the key success factors for firms in the global beer industry include good distribution strategy as well as a good marketing strategy. Since a beer is not consumed because of its taste, crafting a solid marketing strategy that would focus more on the consumers as to the image of the beer, creates a demand for it and strengthens the brand. Then companies have good distribution systems in order to make the beers available to consumers. The strategic group map of the global beer industry with dimensions such as beer quality and market volume, Grupo Modelo would be on the lower right side, Heineken at the upper right side, with the rest of the industry at the middle. Grupo Modelo is positioned in the industry with its escape positioning. This has given the company an edge over its rivals in the US market. However, in the global market, its positioning is quite shaky as this image is not embodied in the global brand as a global strategy. In terms of local operations, Grupo Modelo fares better than FEMSA as apparent in its market share. Internationally, FEMSA does not fare as good as Grupo Modelo as FEMSA has failed on its international venture. In comparing the positioning of Grupo Modelo to Heineken, Grupo Modelo has a positioning that targets a wider market, as it is based on the image that is associated with it, in contrast to Heinekens premium claims which is more based on taste. Because taste is not the most important attributes that beer and non-beer drinkers put a premium on, Grupo Modelos positioning is on a stronger ground.

Comparative Analysis of Tesco PLC and Primarks Capacity Management Essay

Comparative Analysis of Tesco PLC and Primarks Capacity Management - Essay Example n demand, retail service providing companies are faced with a challenge of managing, expanding and planning their capacity to meet increased demand for retail products. In this pursuit of retail capacity management, two main options have been considered by the retailers across the UK. The first option is the expansion of retail floor space by opening up new retail outlets and the second option has been to go online and make use of the omnipresent advantage. Tesco PLC and Primark, both of which are retailing companies, have catered this increase in demand and the challenge of capacity management by focusing on these options. However, it is pertinent to note here that both companies have different challenges to face; Tesco PLC has a large and mature customer segment which needs to be catered, managed and facilitated through conventional and unconventional means. On the other hand, with a comparatively small customer segment, Primark’s aim to build capacity is aimed at increasing customer base, rather than managing or facilitating it. Having taken into consideration the increase in retail customers’ demand, Tesco has considered a paradigm shift in its capacity planning and management. As per the interim report published by the company in company for the year 2012 – 13, the management is focusing more on online retailing rather than increasing physical retail outlets. The possible outcome of this strategy to increase capacity can be the catering of increased demand of the customers and to have a wider reach by nullifying the impact of constraints associated with physical outlets (Tesco PLC, 2012). Having considered the fact that the customers of the company increased significantly, Tesco PLC required a solution for increasing its capacity to manage growing customer... This esay sresses that Tesco PLC has a large and mature customer segment which needs to be catered, managed and facilitated through conventional and unconventional means. On the other hand, with a comparatively small customer segment, Primark’s aim to build capacity is aimed at increasing customer base, rather than managing or facilitating it. Having considered the fact that the customers of the company increased significantly, Tesco PLC required a solution for increasing its capacity to manage growing customer base. Having taken into consideration the increase in retail customers’ demand, Tesco has considered a paradigm shift in its capacity planning and management. This paper makes a conclusion that keeping in view the comparative analysis of Tesco PLC and Primark in this report with regard to their capacity management and initiatives taken in this respect by both of them, it is evident that there is a marked difference between the strategies of both companies. Tesco PLC, having a strong physical presence and large retail floor space in the UK, has been focusing on going online to target a greater customer base. In fact, the management at Tesco PLC is considering reducing its retail space, which will ultimately benefit the company in reducing its operating costs. On the other hand, Primark has persisted with its strategy of increasing retail floor space in the UK and has also planned to carry it forward in the future too.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Accounting - Assignment Example The game changer in Ameritel Company is the manner in which it reaches out to its employees, retailers, track sales as well as timely implementation of its new marketing strategies with the desirable Salesforce. Its Salesforce managed to reach out to the entire sales region to bridge the gap that exists between the company call center and sales teams. Furthermore, Ameritel is undertaking training campaigns for its dealers according to Reid, 2014. Ameritel has a mechanism that enables monitoring of its inventory anytime anywhere due to its efficient tracking system. The tracking system eases instant and effective visibility of dealer performance and purchases. Reid, 2014 adds that half of the organization explores working with pop and mom accounts that utilize Ameritel in selling T-Mobile. The remaining half collaborates with the wholesale section to supply the T-Mobile as well as activities involving tracking. Ameritel uses Salesforce because it is striving to achieve absolute best experience in its internal operations as well as to the customers. The other issue in its top priority is to surpass its customer expectations besides general company

STRATEGIC MARKETING

STRATEGIC MARKETING This assignment is generally based on Olympics 2010. On 6th July 2005, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that London would congregation the (The London 2012 Olympics, Bob DigbyCommunity Geographer, and Geographical Association) 2012 Olympics It was chosen to be held in London Stratford, Newham. This is a sports competition which all the people in the world celebrating. To become an Olympic champion the athletes in all around the world together in one city challenging each one in range of games. Games are likely to be held on end of July 2012. TASK1 Introduction In this task I do investigate planning principles and marketing planning process of 2012 Olympics. Develop the strategic marketing plan. The marketing planning principles and process The most basic marketing principles (According to kotler (1980) are applied to customer point of reference to recognize what goals gathering now, believe, and do. The course of act begins with marketing research to identify market segment and potential needs, desires, attempt, concerns, performance. Then settle on the target market be able to influence and satisfied. Then use 4ps to power on to the market. The4ps are product, price, place and promotion. As well as the marketing mix. The marketing principles also revolve around the customer. The principle is getting the customer the right services and goods in the right time. The principles also place emphasis on customer involvement and well as integration or involvement of staff in all marketing decision making. To get this right, the process has to be taken into consideration. The marketing planning process (marketing principles and practice) Where are we now? Where do want to be? How do we get there? Which way is the best? How do we ensure safety arrival? Where are we now? To complete the marketing research and collecting the past data about the project is the first step. And also have to analyse this information and present that to future plan. This process helps to consider the financial and trade environment Consider present status in the marketplace and main sides of sales. Come across at the strengths and weakness of the company. To analyse the existing circumstances have to carry out situational analysis. SWOT analysis of 2012 Olympics. SWOTS stand for- strengths and weakness as related to opportunities and threats. STRENGTHS- Quality and a well highly regarded construction of conducting the project. Sir Robert Mc Alpine is one of the construction firms on the london2012 project. Because this company is an icon in the in a building construction sector in UK The West Midlands is geographically and economically well-placed for the London 2012 Olympic Games. Weakness Marketing techniques not superior. Need to improve new marketing techniques to customers before, during and after the Olympic. Staffing and management problems Opportunities Encouraging young people to sports. The peace can be developed. Enhance the tourism of UK. Threats Security of people- Dr peter Rayon the adviser of London Olympic 2012 added special team for supervise bomb management and VIP, Athletics security. Current financial circumstances Where do we want to be? After identifying strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of London 2012 project and made assumptions about outside factors that may affect to the project have to set up the marketing objectives. The objectives are what we want to achieve to complete the task. This is the first action of entire process of preparing a marketing plan. Objectives of London 2012 Care for lands cape without any changes To make sure to give safe games for london2012 the Olympic organisation committee work in partnership with police, government, public authorities and security companies. Ensure best personal safeness before and during Olympic competition. The goals of london2012 The business and employment development In the education sector skills and desires. Enhanced health and better life. Superior environment (Sources) Better communication The mission of london2012 Source: IOC website (2005) Mission Statement. The Olympics should provide à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sustainable environmental legacies, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rehabilitated and revitalized sites, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increased environmental awareness, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ improved environmental policies and practices, The vision of London 2012 The vision of london2012 is a great change in different areas by the power of games. Such as changes in peoples lives, sports. And also motivates the people to go head on their lives through the sports. (c)How do we get there? (How to write a marketing plan by john Westwood) Strategies The marketing strategies are the broad methods selected to accomplish exact objectives. There are different types of strategies Defensive strategy Developing strategy Attacking strategy First look at the type of strategies that available is to use a matrix that was developed by Ansoff. Market penetration- Worldwide market penetration-The International Olympic Committee was leap to propose the games event to China. Global sponsors -Consumer products giant Procter Gamble has signed up as a global Olympics sponsor. Product development Olympic park master plan (designbuit-network.com)- In 2006 January (ODA) was workout the master pan of Olympics. Olympic Games will provide local tourism business for both to new visitors from overseas and regional travellers. Market development ((gamesmonitor.org) New report predicts that the value of the UK CCTV market will increase by 10 per cent by 2012. Investment opportunities to fabricate Olympic named products and services. E.g. Olympic t-shirts , mugs, cups, hats, toys Diversification London 2012 Business Network The Network component   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1)  Ã‚   Vital information for West Midlands business     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  attractive  business events The expansion of new clean tech industries and other strengths in artistic industries, media, logistics, and tourism. (d)Which is the possible meaning? Tactics Tactics are built-in the particulars of entity path of achievement that will be followed on a daily basis. Once developed the marketing strategy, there is a Seven P Formula should apply to constantly assess and revaluate Business activities. The seven Ps Product Price Promotion place process physical evidence People Product Compare to the other competitors offer be superiority deal. E.g.- New website presents including verity of facilities and opportunities Development of Olympic park Price The ticket prices have been announced. Tickets are available from  £20. Also special prices offered to young people, seniors across all Olympic sports. In this case from the cheapest price to higher price tickets are available according to customers needs. Promotion To promote London 2012 and attract the people on that specially designed ticket draw was introduced. Place Local people and visitors are making improvement works that have taken place along The Greenway, for the Olympic Park to Victoria Park and West Ham Station. East London is being developed with all the facilities and attractiveness. People To this huge project education sectors, business sectors, cultural organisations, charity, volunteers are involving to this. And all the range of customers is target in all around the world. (e)How do we ensure safety arrival? Control measures The ODA has resolute to clear its progress manage utility via a Planning Committee. This manuscript provides direction for the authority of the ODAs Services biased the Planning Committee, particularly to release Of the expansion manage. Creation decisions on preparation application Prepare and submitting planning reports to the Planning Committee Offer planning advice to the team. The strategic plan Overall strategic concept Guidelines Strategic objectives Strategic principles Strategic phase Develop of Olympic facilities Principles and locations Plan and design Olympic green Total reflection for Olympic games Environment development Pollution control Environment development Transport development Information and technology development Social environment development Cultural environment Health care and security Legal environment Strategic support Speedup economic development Advance development new technology Develop human recourse management Olympic action plan Action plan proposal Strategic conception Work task Support measures Transport construction Guide lines/ objectives Transport (urban) Traffic management Traffic support system Traffic organisation Energy development Proposals Mix and readjustment Clean energy projects Environment protection present states guidelines/ objectives prevent/ control pollution mange assure measure task1 (b) Here I am going to discuss the SWOT management tools that could help to analysis the current 2012 environment with reference to marketing. The SWOT management tools SWOT analysis is for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. A SWOT analysis is a planning tool used to understand the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business. It involves stating the objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are either supportive or unfavorable to achieving that objective. SWOT is often used as part of a strategic or business planning process, but can be useful in understanding an organization or situation and decision-making for all sorts of situations. Internal factors The strengths and weaknesses To identify the strengths and weakness have to audit 7ps, 7s, ans5m External factors The opportunities and threats To identify the external factors have to cover PEST analysis. A SWOT analysis can be used a method of sales distribution a business idea a strategic option, such as entering a new market or launching a new product SWOT ANALYSIS INTERNAL EXTERNAL STRENGTHS- recourses and capabilities can be used for competitive advantage e.g.-strong brand names WEAKNESS- absence of certain strengths E.g.-weak brand name OPPURTUNITIES- external environment analysis can reveal opportunities for growth. E.g. unfulfilled customer needs THRETS-changes in external environment e.g. new regulations Can be identified strengths and weakness in the current environment when we do the SWOT analysis. So after that whatever the weakness we can convert for strengths. And also we can match opportunities and strengths and supply best service for London 2012 PEST ANALYSIS What is PEST Analysis? Organization considers PEST before and beginning the marketing process. After that environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of planning. The entire Marketing environment is made of 1. Internal environment e.g. staff 2. micro-environment e.g. our external customers 3. macro-environment e.g., Economic forces Political factors. Stability governments policy on the economy government view on culture and religion Terrorism influence in traffic Activities and it will boost need for crisis and business stability. Economic Factors. Consider the state of a trading economy. 1. Interest rates. 2. The level of inflation Employment level per capita. e.g Global contest may persist to boost over the next 5 years. London 2012 Olympics driving venture. Drive to reduce costs. Social cultural Factors In this case have to consider the roles of men and women in society the population customer constitutional rights and responsibilities Technological Factors. It is a competitive advantage, and huge driver of globalization. Cheap and supper standard of quality Distribution change of technological development. e.g. books via the Internet Technical improvements to trim down exhaust waste. Potters five A business has to understand the dynamics of its industries and markets in order to compete effectively in the marketplace. Porter (1980a) defined the forces which drive competition, contending that the competitive environment is created by the interaction of five different forces acting on a business. competition amid suppliers Threat of new market entrant Bargaining power of buyers Power of suppliers Threat of substitute products Task 2 Introduction In this task i am going to discuss the market strategy options available and benefits and limitations. THE MARKET STRATEGY OPTIONS A marketing strategy is the outcome of decisions being made a exacting product or service promote to its aim customers. In this case i do present Ansoff growth matrix- four strategies Market penetration Penetration pricing insistent advertising Traditional industries. Memorial souvenir, sporting goods which benefit from the Olympic boom.   Market development Targeting new customers The new website has been developed to keep you up to date with our product development. It includes- News Technical Technology Products Future Website Development: On-Line facilities Product development Product line stretch Introducing new line offensive new product with new sector The Sponsorship Programme with five-year calendar of events and opportunities. Diversification- Advantage of diversification is even one side of business go through bad situation, the other may not be affected. Marketing mix Marketing mix is putting the right product in the right place, at the right price, at the right time. American author, Philip Kotler prefers the 4 Cs. He suggests that the 4 Ps are a sellers mix or sales orientated approach and it therefore should be replaced by the 4 Cs which are more customer orientated, or marketing orientated. It is made up of Customer needs and wants (the equivalent of product), Cost (price), Convenience (place) and Communication (promotion). 1960 by E J McCarthy. The 4Ps are: Product / Service Place Price Promotion Product/Service Have to consider what the Customer needs from the product or service are and Features that needs. Then look at the place. The easy places to customers can reach this product or service and access the right distribution channels? After this, what is the price as they want and What is the value of the product or service Are there established price points for products or services in this area and What discounts should be offered to trade customers, and also compare the price with competitors. Then think about the Promotion. In this case competitors promotions and how that influence to our promotional activity does all those have to consider. When consider the Olympic 2012 in London, when we do practical the marketing strategic options the marketing mix has allots of benefits and also varies limitations. Because of London 2012 the construction sector, business economic sectors, education sectors transport systems, like that allots of sides on UK is being developing. But because of the security reasons like terrorism and pollution, environment protection there are some limitations have to consider with all the strategic options. This project pushes the country through the development of new technology such as giant screens and environment protection like green scheme. Task 2 (b) The stake holder Stakeholders are anybody who might directly be affected and influence on London 2012 Olympic Main stake holders of London 2012 British association The BOA is completely dependent and commercial sponsorship who support for GB. DCMS Responsible for the London Olympic Games and Paralympics Games and works closely with other key stakeholders THE MAIOR OF LONDON The Mayor of London is Co-Chair of the Olympic Board, which oversees the 2012 project. Olympic Park Legacy Company After the London 2012 Games this company is responsible for the long-term planning, development, management and maintenance of the Olympic Park. Secondary stake holders Media TFL Schools Police/ forces Customers sponsors Stakeholders are analysis according to their power and interest of the organization. There are four types of stakeholders Keep Satisfied -high power /low interest Engage Closely and Influence Actively- high power/ high interest Monitor (minimum effort) Low power low interest Keep Informed-low power / high interest It is important to involve stake holder to marketing decisions be cause some types of planning purpose will need to comprise a report of participation to show stakeholder conversation in move ahead of the submission of the planning application. And some projects, like business planning require stakeholder participation and wider communal liability. Key stakeholders are directly influence and important to the success of the project. Task 3(a) current changes The pest analysis of London 2012 Political- Political factors are mostly including government legislation forcing businesses. The Olympic Games are frequently under attack by terrorist groups. Sports events are mostly developed and improved in education sector. The cost of Olympics budget may affect to present government stability. Economical- Economic services consist of effects of increase, interest rates and exchange rates. Present financial dip can be a pressure to the government. Over budgeting of the project Hard to cover the Skills gap Social- In the schools increasing participation in sport Community Development such as charity organizations, volunteer work forces. Technological- Technology is changing speedily. Depending on market, technology can be change. For London Olympics giant screens are best example for that people can watch the Olympic in live where ever the country when screens are available. On line people can do investments and develop the business through the new web site. Task 3 (b) how respond For all these changes planning committee and project team has to respond to reach their goal. So they. Have to consider with health and safety rules and regulations and follow them accurately for safeness of the people. The datas of the project and employees and all the people who involve to the project must be protected And the mean time have to provide best opportunity to the people. For technological changes if there any skills gap have to make use from another countries. It may be very expensive. Task 3 (c) the functional areas may develop Hr Security media transport HR In the hr sector have to clarify the present job opportunities. And to get maximum out come from human recourse. And also by minimise the number of jobs and cover the budget of the project. School students projects and volunteer workers projects and also awarding systems can be introduced next 3 years. Security For security purpose high tech speed cameras can be fixed. Train a special secret security team with special hidden cameras and mike that no one can recognise. Media Giant screen New website Special magazines Transport Development of roads, highways Special buses, fights, trains for London 2012

Shakespeare’s Ridiculous King Lear Essay -- mocking nobility

It’s surprising that Shakespeare’s King Lear is not treated as a comedy. His portrayal of a power hungry nobility only serves to mock the monarchical system. Both of Lear’s elder daughters deceive their own father in order to procure his wealth of land, and Edmund the bastard cannot stop killing and lying in order to climb up the royal succession. This backstabbing nature of the monarchy is exactly what makes it so ridiculous. Most importantly, Shakespeare depicts the tragic life of King Lear, an abdicated ruler. The play centers around Lear’s struggle to maintain his subjects’ respect and his daughters’ love, all of which he loses. With these examples, Shakespeare makes a shrewd comment about the superfluousness of the ruling class, and the fate of Lear becomes a stand-in for Shakespeare’s attitude towards the â€Å"nobility.† Shakespeare wrote King Lear around 1606, which coincides with the reign of King James I, who ascended to the throne in 1603, succeeding Elizabeth I. Although he was a supporter of the arts, James â€Å"articulated his belief in an absolutist theory of monarchy and the divine right of kings, desiring to command not only complete obedience but also complete devotion† (Bengtsson). Being that Elizabeth had previously established an equal relationship with the parliament, British government became uneasy. In addition, many Protestants, including Shakespeare himself, feared that religious persecution would start up once more as it had before Elizabeth. In fact, James passed the Popish Recusants Act, â€Å"an act to cause persons [existing Protestants] to be naturalized or restored in blood to conform [to Catholicism] and take the oath of allegiance and supremacy [to the Pope]† (Burton). From his actions, one can see how Eng... ... the neglect of the true purpose of government: to lead the people. In this way, The Tragedy of King Lear becomes a criticism, illustrating Shakespeare’s attitudes towards the flawed ruling class of his time. Works Cited Bengtsson, Frederick. â€Å"Historical Context for King Lear by William Shakespeare.† Columbia College. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"Mary, Queen of Scots.† BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. . Shakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New York: Washington Square, 1993. Print. Burton, Edwin, Edward D’Alton, and Jarvis Kelley. â€Å"Penal Laws.† The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 21 Jan. 2014. .